Lysimachia nummularia - Creeping Loosestrife

• Other Names: Creeping Jenny ^{[E-flora,PFAF]}, Moneywort ^{[PFAF,HMH Duke]}, Creeping Charlie.^[PFAF]
• Family: Myrsinaceae (Myrsine family) ^[E-flora]

Food

• Tea: "A tea is made from the leaves and flowers[46, 61, 177, 183]." ^[PFAF]

Medicinal Uses

• Herb:
  • Externally: "For drying, the herb is harvested in June[4]. Creeping Jenny is a very good wound-herb, the fresh leaves being bruised and applied externally to the affected area[4]." ^[PFAF] used "as a vulnerary and for acute and chronic eczema." ^[PDR]
    • Wound Poultice "For a wound poultice, dilute the tea preparation with the same amount of chamomile tea." ^[PDR]
  • Infusion: "An infusion is used to treat internal bleeding and diarrhoea[9]." ^[PFAF] Though unproven, "It is used internally for diarrhea and excessive salivation, and as an expectorant for coughs." ^[PDR]
    • 2 heaping teaspoonfuls drug/250ml of boiling water. Leave to draw for 5 minutes. For coughs drink 1 cup of tea, 2-3 times/day. ^{[PDR][HMH Duke]}

Description

General Prostrate, creeping ^[PCBC2004] "growing to 0.2 m (0ft 8in) by 0.6 m (2ft) at a fast rate."^[PFAF]
Lifecycle "evergreen Perennial".^[PFAF]
Flowers "yellow flowers that are single or in pairs in the leafaxils." ^[PCBC2004] "corollas yellow, saucer-shaped, deeply 5-lobed...fringed with small, glandular hairs. [IFBC]^[E-flora] "The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees, flies....The plant is self-fertile." ^[PFAF]
Fruits Capsules.[IFCB]^[E-flora]
Leaves "round to oval^[PCBC2004] "12.5 mm. or more long" ^[HNW]
Stem Several, dotted with red-black spots. [IFBC]^[E-flora] Leafy, slender and "forming conspicuous green mats."^[HNW] Stem leaves opposite, with short stalks. [IFBC]^[E-flora]
Root Rhizome.^[E-flora]
Habitat "Damp situations in pastures and by the sides of streams, avoiding acid soils[4, 9]." ^[PFAF] moist places. ^[HNW]
Range "Europe, including Britain, from Sweden south and east to Spain, N. Greece and the Caucasus." ^[PFAF] Southwestern B.C. ^[PCBC2004] Sparingly introduced. Willamette and Columbia River bottom lands. ^[HNW] "Moist roadsides and other disturbed areas in the lowland and steppe zones; infrequent on Vancouver Island and the Fraser Valley; rare in SC BC; introduced from Europe." [IFBC] ^[E-flora] Introduced to Japan.^[PDR] The plant photographed on this page (see above) was found in Tofino, B.C. [Personal observation]
Status Exotic. [IFBC] ^[E-flora]

Ethnobotany

Medicinal Part(s): Fresh or dried whole flowering plant, including the root.^[PDR]

Pharmacology

Antioxidant: "The in vitro radical scavenging activities of the plant extracts [L. vulgaris, L. nummularia & L. punctata] were tested.... Our studies proved that L. nummularia extract had the most significant activity."^{[Toth et al.]}

"Extracts of the aerial plant parts are said to be antibacterial in vitro..."^[PDR]

Phytochemistry

Flavonoids
"The main flavonoids in L. nummularia and L. vulgaris were identified as myricetin- and myricetin- quercetin-, and kaempferol-glyosides respectively". ^{[Toth et al.][PDR]}"The quantitative analytical measurements revealed that the total flavonoid content expressed in hyperoside of L. vulgaris was significantly lower than of the samples of L. nummularia, and L. punctata, but its hydroxycinnamic acid content was outstanding. The accumulation of polyphenols and tannins showed to be homogeneous among the samples."^{[Toth et al.]}

Plant:

Tannins ^[PDR]

Triterpene saponins ^[PDR]

Cultivation

"An easily grown plant, succeeding in a moist loamy soil[1]. Grows well in heavy clay soils. Grows well in marshy soil and in shallow water in pond margins[24, 56]. Prefers a shady position[111] but also succeeds in full sun[188]. Plants are hardy to at least -25°c[187]. Most species in this genus seem to be immune to the predations of rabbits[233]. A very ornamental plant[1]. Special Features:Attractive foliage, Invasive, Naturalizing, Fragrant flowers, Inconspicuous flowers or blooms."^[PFAF]

Groundcover: "Can be used as a ground cover plant in moist soils but requires weeding for the first year or so. Plants should be spaced about 60cm apart each way and form a carpet, rooting as they spread[208]."^[PFAF]

Propagation

"Seed - sow spring or autumn in a cold frame[200]. This species rarely produces seed in Britain[17]. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and plant them out in the summer. Division in spring or autumn[200]. Larger clumps can be replanted direct into their permanent positions, though it is best to pot up smaller clumps and grow them on in a cold frame until they are rooting well. Plant them out in the spring."^[PFAF]

Lysimachia Sp.

"Lysimachia is a large, virtually cosmopolitan genus that reaches its greatest diversity in temperate Eurasia (especially eastern Asia)." ^{[VFBC-E-flora]}

"Perennial, rhizomatous herbs, sometimes succulent. Stems ascending to erect or sometimes decumbent, simple or branched. Leaves all cauline, opposite or whorled (sometimes becoming alternate above), entire, simple, sessile to petiolate, ovate or oblong to linear-lanceolate. Inflorescences terminal and/or axillary racemes, or flowers axillary (solitary to several per axil); often bracteate. Flowers sessile to pedicellate; corollas usually present (absent in L. maritima), yellow, deeply 5- (9-) lobed, yellow (often with reddish speckling or markings), lobes linear-lanceolate to ovate; calyces green to pinkish or whitish, deeply 5- (9-) lobed, lobes exceeding the tube; stamens 5, included or exserted; filaments distinct or connate at the base. Fruits globose capsules, 5-valvate; seeds 1-20. About 150 spp. (6 spp. in B.C.). Nearly worldwide." ^{[VFBC-E-flora]}

Local Species;

1. Lysimachia arvensis - Scarlet Pimperel ^[E-flora]
2. Lysimachia minima - Chaffweed ^[E-flora]
3. Lysimachia nummularia - creeping jenny ^{[E-flora][PCBC]}
4. Lysimachia punctata - spotted loosestrife ^[E-flora]
5. Lysimachia terrestris - bog loosestrife [E-flora]
6. Lysimachia thyrsiflora- tufted loosestrife ^{[E-flora][PCBC][TSFTK]}
7. Lysimachia vulgaris - yellow loosestrife ^[E-flora]

Lysimachia arvensis - Scarlet Pimperel

Synonyms: Anagallis arvensis subsp. arvensis L. ^[E-flora]

Status: Exotic [E-flora]

Habitat/Range:

• Lysimachia arvensis: Introduced; infrequent in sw BC (s Vancouver I., Gulf Is., Lower Fraser Valley). Widespread cosmopolitan weed, native to Eurasia; established widely throughout North America (north to s Canada)." ^{[VFBC-E-flora]}

Description

• "General: Plants annual (rarely perennial), taprooted." ^{[VFBC-E-flora]}
• "Stems: Stems decumbent to ascending or erect, several, branched near the base, 6-50 cm tall." ^{[VFBC-E-flora]}
• "Leaves: Leaves opposite, lanceolate to ovate or elliptic, sessile, base somewhat clasping, 5-15 mm." ^{[VFBC-E-flora]}
• "Flowers: Flowers long-stalked; corollas salverform, salmon to pink or reddish (rarely dark blue), throat purplish or bluish, 3-7 (10) mm wide, lobes finely fringed with small marginal hairs; calyces divided nearly to the base, usually not exceeding the corolla, 2-5 mm, lobes linear-lanceolate and scarious-margined; filaments long-hairy, reddish; anthers yellow; pedicels exceeding the subtending leaf, arched or curved (recurved in fruit), 10-40 mm. Flowering Jun-Aug." ^{[VFBC-E-flora]}
• "Fruits: Capsules 4-6 mm." ^{[VFBC-E-flora]}
• "Not to be Confused With: The blue flowering form of Scarlet Pimpernel is often confused with Anagallis foemina, and occasionally with Stellaria media." [PDR]
  

Hazards

"The seeds are slightly poisonous to some mammals, but no cases involving people are known[13, 76]. Skin contact with the plant can cause dermatitis in some people[76]." [PFAF-2] "

• Cucurbitacins: "...it contains toxic saponins and cytotoxic cucurbitacins" [PFAF][PDR]
• "Overdosage: Higher dosages (no amounts specified) are said to have a strong diuretic, diarrheic and mildly narcotic effect." [PDR]
  

Food Use

• "Leaves - raw or cooked[2, 105, 115]. Used in salads[4] and as a spinach[2]. The tender shoots are cooked as a vegetable[272]. It is best not to eat these leaves[55, 238], see the notes above on toxicity." [PFAF-2]

Medicinal Use

The scarlet pimpernel was at one time highly regarded as a medicinal herb, especially in the treatment of epilepsy and mental problems[254], but there is little evidence to support its efficacy and it is no longer recommended for internal use because it contains toxic saponins and cytotoxic cucurbitacins[238, 254]. The whole herb is antitussive, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, purgative, stimulant and vulnerary[4, 7, 9, 21, 46]. It can be taken internally or applied externally as a poultice[7]. An infusion is used in the treatment of dropsy, skin infections and disorders of the liver and gall bladder[9, 272]. The plant is best harvested in June and can be dried for later use[4]. Use with caution[21], large doses can cause polyuria and tremor[7].

• Parts: " The medicinal part of the plant is the dried flowering herb, usually with the roots removed." [PDR]
• Homeopathy: "A homeopathic remedy is made from the plant[9]. It is used internally to treat itchy skins and externally to remove warts[9]." [PFAF-2] " Used in the treatment of skin rashes, warts and urinary tract infections." [PDR]
• "Homeopathic Dosage: The oral dosage is 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules daily. The parenteral dosage is 1 ml twice a week sc. Topically, ointment can be applied 1 to 2 times daily. " [PDR]
• "Unproven Uses: The drug is used to treat depression, disorders of the mucous membranes, hemorrhoids, herpes, painful kidney and liver disorders (in particular, to increase urination), poorly healing wounds and pruritus. The herb is used as a supporting treatment in various carcinomas. It is used both internally and externally (as a poultice) to treat pains in the joints." [PDR]
  
• "Chinese Medicine: The herb is used for snake bites, dog bites, fish poisoning, joint ailments and edema." [PDR]
  
• "Indian Medicine: Employed as a treatment for menstruation disorders. " [PDR]
• "Preparation: For the treatment of liver and kidney disorders as well as dropsy, add one teaspoonful of the drug to a glass of hot water and let it steep for 10 minutes. Drink throughout the day." [PDR]
  
• "Daily Dosage: The usual dosage is 1.8 g of the powder 4 times a day." [PDR]

Other Use

• Soap: "The squeezed plant is used in Nepal for washing and bathing[272]. Anagallis arvensis is insecticidal, or at least is repellent to some insects."

Phytochemicals

• Triterpene saponins: including anagalline, chief sapogenine 13, 28-epoxy-16- oxooleanan
  
• Cucurbitacins: including cucurbitacins E, B, D, I and L
  
• Flavonoids
  
• Caffeic acid derivatives

Activities

"The aqueous extract of the dried leaves is fungitoxic... Aqueous extracts showed uterine contracting activity in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and on strips of human uterine material. The triterpene saponins isolated from the drug demonstrated action against human sperm. The methanol extract of the drug demonstrated estrogen activity in the Allen-Doisy test. The saponins isolated from the powdered drug with ethanol demonstrated hemolytic activity in human blood. The methanol extract of the dried powdered drug is antiviral against Herpes simplex Type I, Adenovirus Type II and Polio Type II, among others. The saponins are the active constituents. The acetyl-saponin isolated from the drug acts as a teniacide". [PDR]

"Alterative Steinmetz; Antidote Eb28: 329; Bite(Dog) Eb28: 329; Brain Al-Rawi, Broun, Woi.Syria; Cancer Hartwell; Canicide Al-Rawi; Cirrhosis Uphof; Depurative Steinmetz; Diaphoretic Uphof; Diuretic Steinmetz, Takeda, Uphof; Dropsy Broun; Expectorant FontQuer, Steinmetz; Fungicide Eb24: 283; Gall-Stone Uphof; Hirudicide Al-Rawi; Insecticide Eb24: 283; Leprosy Broun; Lung Uphof; Nematicide Eb24: 283; Nervine Steinmetz; Piscicide Al-Rawi, Eb24: 135, Woi.Syria; Poison* Lewis, Al-Rawi, Steinmetz, Woi.Syria; Poison(Dog) Broun; Rabies Broun, Eb28: 329; Repellant(Leech) Woi.Syria; Sore Al-Rawi; Splinter Eb28: 329; Sudorific Steinmetz" ^[Duke]

Antifungal:

• Whole plant Vs. C. sativus [Antifungal]
• Shoot - Methanolic extract 50 ppm-MFC Vs. A. candida. [Antifungal]

Lysimachia minima - Chaffweed

Synonyms: Anagallis minima ^[E-flora]

Habitat / Range

• "Moist to wet vernal pools, shorelines, salt marshes, river banks, and disturbed areas in the lowland zone. Rare (infrequent?) in sw BC (s Vancouver I., Gulf Is., Lower Fraser Valley); BC east to NS, south to Mexico; Eurasia, South America." ^{[VFBC-E-flora]}

Description

• "General: Plants annual, fibrous-rooted. Stems: Stems erect or ascending (sometimes decumbent and rooting at the nodes), solitary or several, unbranched or branched near the base, 1-10 cm tall." ^{[VFBC-E-flora]}
• "Leaves: Leaves alternate (or some opposite near base of plant), ovate or obovate to spatulate, confluent with the stem, 2-11 mm." ^{[VFBC-E-flora]}
• "Flowers: Flowers sessile or short-stalked; corollas inconspicuous, salverform to slightly campanulate, white to pinkish, 1.5-2 mm wide; calyces divided almost to base, exceeding the corolla, 1.5-3 mm, lobes lanceolate and lacking scarious margins; pedicel 0-1 mm. Flowering May-Jun." ^{[VFBC-E-flora]}
• "Fruits: Capsules 1.5-2 mm." ^{[VFBC-E-flora]}
• Status: Native [E-flora]

Lysimachia punctata - Spotted loosestrife

Synonyms: Lysimachia punctata var. verticillata (M. Bieb.) Klatt ^[E-flora]

Habitat/Range

• "Moist roadsides and ditches in the lowland zone; infrequent garden escape in BC west of the Coast-Cascade Mountains; introduced from Europe."^{[IFBC-E-flora]}

Description

• "General: Perennial herb from a rhizome; stems erect, several, simple, slightly if at all dotted with reddish- or purplish-black spots, densely glandular-hairy, 60-120 cm tall."^{[IFBC-E-flora]}
• "Leaves: Basal leaves lacking; stem leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, broadly lanceolate."^{[IFBC-E-flora]}
• "Flowers: Inflorescence of axillary whorled flowers, 3-5 per axil in the upper part of the stems, leafy or on short branches; corollas uniformly yellow, 10-16 (18) mm wide, without streaks or dots, cup-shaped, 5-lobed, the 5-lobes glandular-fringed with small hairs; calyces green throughout, 5-lobed, the lobes to 10 mm long, the filaments fused at the bases, sterile stamens lacking; styles persistent.^{"[IFBC-E-flora]}
• "Fruits: Capsules, breaking into valves at dispersal; seeds few." ^{[IFBC-E-flora]}

Lysimachia terrestris - bog loosestrife

Synonyms

• Lysimachia terrestris var. ovata (Rand & Redf.) Fernald

Description:

• "General: Perennial herb from a rootstock; stems erect, solitary, simple, smooth, reddish- to purplish-black streaked, 20-90 cm tall." [IFBC-E-flora]
• "Leaves: Basal leaves lacking; stem leaves opposite, the lowermost leaves unstalked, clasping-based, 5-15 cm long, the upper leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, 3-8 cm long, short-stalked, dotted with black spots, with small, dark bulblets produced in the leaf axils." [IFBC-E-flora]
• "Flowers: Inflorescence a terminal, loose, leafy-bracted, simple to compound, elongate cluster, the individual flowers on stalks arranged on a single axis, the lower flowers often whorled, the flower stalks slender, 1-2 cm long; corollas deep yellow, saucer-shaped, streaked with red or purplish-black spots, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes oblong to lanceolate, 4-8 mm long; calyces 5-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, 2-4 mm long; filaments about 3 mm long, fused at the bases, shorter than the corolla lobes; sterile stamens lacking. " [IFBC-E-flora]
• "Fruits: Capsules, breaking into valves at dispersal; seeds few, chocolate brown, very finely pitted. " [IFBC-E-flora]
• "Habitat / Range: Bogs, swamps and wet ditches in the lowland zone; infrequent on Vancouver Island and adjacent lower mainland; introduced from E North America. " [IFBC-E-flora]
• Status: Exotic [IFBC]

Lysimachia thyrsiflora- tufted loosestrife

• Synonyms
• Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby [E-flora]
• "General: Perennial herb from a creeping rhizome, finely dark-purplish or -blackish spotted almost throughout; stems erect, solitary, simple, smooth, 20-80 cm tall. " ^{[IFBC-E-flora]}
• "Leaves: Basal leaves lacking; stem leaves opposite, unstalked, the upper leaves linear-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed gradually to the bases, long-tapering to points, as much as 15 cm long, the lowermost leaves greatly reduced. " ^{[IFBC-E-flora]}
• "Flowers: Inflorescence short, dense, slender, stalked, spike-like clusters in the axils of the two or three larger leaves near mid-stem, the individual flowers crowded and nearly unstalked; corollas pale yellow, dotted with red or purplish-black spots, 4-6 mm, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes somewhat clawed at the bases, linear-lanceolate, about twice the length of the calyces, sparingly spotted near the tips, sometimes bearing tiny toothlike, flat structures resembling fish scales just below each notch; calyces 5-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, 2-3 mm long, smooth, spotted; filaments distinct, exceeding the corolla lobes, smooth; styles about equalling the stamens; styles and ovaries spotted; sterile stamens lacking. " ^{[IFBC-E-flora]}
• "Fruits: Capsules, breaking into valves at dispersal, about 2.5 mm long; seeds few. " ^{[IFBC-E-flora]}
• "Habitat / Range Marshes, swamps, lakeshores and wet ditches in the lowland and montane zones; frequent throughout BC; N to AK and YT, E to PQ and S to MO and WV." ^{[IFBC-E-flora]}
• "Status: Native [E-flora]

Medicinal Use

• Anti-galactogogue? "Compound decoction used as wash and applied as poultice to stop milk flow." ^{[Moerman NAEth]}

Lysimachia vulgaris - Yellow loosestrife

Description

• "General: Perennial herb; stems erect or ascending, solitary, simple or branched below, slightly if at all dotted with reddish or blackish spots, densely glandular-hairy, 60-150 cm tall." [IFBC-E-flora]
• "Leaves: Basal leaves lacking; stem leaves opposite or in whorls of 3 or 4, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, dotted with reddish or blackish spots, 3-10 cm long." [IFBC-E-flora]
• "Flowers: Inflorescence branching, with younger flowers borne at the tips, leafy-bracted; corollas uniformly yellow, without streaks or dots, 8-11 (13) mm wide, 5-lobed, the lobes entire; calyces 5-lobed, the lobes at most about 5 mm long, dark-margined; styles deciduous; filaments fused at the bases; sterile stamens lacking." [IFBC-E-flora]
• "Fruits: Capsules, breaking into valves at dispersal; seeds few." [IFBC-E-flora]
• "Habitat / Range Wet roadsides in the lowland zone; rare garden escape on S Vancouver Island and around Vancouver; introduced from Europe." [IFBC-E-flora] temperate Eurasia; introduced into North America, Australasia^[MPFT]
• Status: Exotic [E-flora]

• Edible Uses
• "Young leaves[105, 177]. No more details are given" [^PFAF-3]
• Other Uses
• Dye: "A yellow dye is obtained from the flowers[13, 100]. A brown dye is obtained from the rhizomes[13]." [^PFAF-3]
• Insect Deterrent: Burned in houses to drive away gnats.^[UAPDS] "Tie plant stems and leaves around a horse’s bridle to deter flies." ^{[mcvicar GH]}
• Medicinal Use
• Astringent
• "The herb is astringent, demulcent and expectorant[4, 61]." ^[PFAF-3]
• "An astringent herb, yellow loosestrife is principally used to treat gastro-intestinal conditions such as diarrhoea and dysentery, to stop internal and external bleeding and to cleanse wounds[254]. The plant can be used internally or externally and is useful in checking bleeding of the mouth, nose and wounds, restraining profuse haemorrhages of any kind and in the treatment of diarrhoea[4]." ^[PFAF-3]
• Mouthwash: "It makes a serviceable mouthwash for treating sore gums and mouth ulcers[254]." ^[PFAF-3]
• Harvesting: "It is harvested when in flower in July and dried for later use[4]." ^[PFAF-3]

Uses of Other Related Sp.

Lysimachia Sp.; 28 of 50 species used medicinally for "Invigorating blood circulation and eliminating blood stasis; asthmolytic; for menstrual disorders". ^{[Houghton EHMP]}

Lysimachia nemorum Linnaeus yellow pimpernel; "The flowers of Lysimachia nemorum have been boiled in Cavan as a cure for gallstones." ^[MPFT]

Lysimachia Quadrifolia Crosswort (Yellow Balm, Four-leaved Loosestrife), The Whole Herb; Astringent, Sto, A-per. Coughs and Colds, tea as expectorant. Used for indigestion and catarrh of the stomach. Stops internal/external bleeding. Antimalarial. ^{[Deschauer-2]} Decoction of root taken for bowel/urinary trouble and kidney problems. Infusion of roots taken for "female trouble" or as an emetic.^{[Moerman NAEth]}

References

• [Antifungal] Antifungal Plants of Iran: An Insight into Ecology, Chemistry, and Molecular Biology, Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh, Masoomeh Shams-Ghahfarokhi and Mahendra Rai, Antifungal Metabolites from Plants, 2013
• Deschauer-2 — Illustrated Phytotherapy Vol. 2 by Thos. Deschauer, Thos.Deschauer Publications, Maywood ILL. 1942
• [Duke] http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/ethnobot.pl?Anagallis%20arvensis, Accessed Dec 23, 2014
• E-flora - In Klinkenberg, Brian. (Editor) 2015. E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia . Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
• IFBC - Illustrated Flora of B.C., 1998-2002 Douglas, G.W., G.B. Straley, D.V. Meidinger, and J. Pojar (Editors) http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Mr/MR_IllustratedFlora.htm
• VFBC - The Vascular Flora of British Columbia, draft 2014. Author: Jamie Fenneman
• Lysimachia arvensis, http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Lysimachia%20arvensis&redblue=Both&lifeform=7, Accessed Oct 14, 2018
• Lysimachia nummularia, [Accessed: 07/11/2015 8:42:13 PM] http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Lysimachia%20nummularia&redblue=Both&lifeform=7
• Lysimachia minima, http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Lysimachia%20minima&redblue=Both&lifeform=7, Accessed Oct 14, 2018
• Lysimachia punctata, http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Lysimachia%20punctata&redblue=Both&lifeform=7, Accessed Oct 14, 2018
• Lysimachia vulgaris, http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Lysimachia%20vulgaris&redblue=Both&lifeform=7, Accessed Nov 3, 2018
• Lysimachia terrestris, http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Lysimachia%20terrestris&redblue=Both&lifeform=7, Accessed Nov 4, 2018
• mcvicar GH - Grow Herbs; An inspiring guide tSkunk11Desk
• Growing and using herbs, Jekka Mcvicar, 2002, 2004, 2010 DK Publishing, New York NY
• PFAF - Lysimachia nummularia, Plants For A Future, http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+nummularia, Accessed Nov 5, 2015
• PFAF-2 - Anagallis arvensis, https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Anagallis+arvensis, Accessed Nov 3, 2018
• PFAF-3 - Lysimachia vulgaris, https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lysimachia+vulgaris, Accessed Nov 3, 2018
• Toth et al. - COMPARATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF PHENOLOIDS IN LYSIMACHIA SPECIES, Anita Tóth, Eszter Riethmüller, Ágnes Alberti, Krisztina Végh, Ágnes Kéry, Vol 1, No 1-2 (2012) http://www.eurchembull.com/index.php/ecb/article/view/12
• Yasukawa - Two flavonol glycosides from Lysimachia nummularia, Ken Yasukawa, Hiroshi Ogawa, Michio Takido, Phytochemistry Volume 29, Issue 5, 1990, Pages 1707–1708; doi:10.1016/0031-9422(90)80155-A